DISTANCE-based clustering methods categorize samples by optimizing a global criterion, finding ellipsoid clusters with roughly equal sizes. In contrast, density-based clustering techniques form clusters with arbitrary shapes and sizes by optimizing a local criterion. Most of these methods have several hyper-parameters, and their performance is highly dependent on the hyper-parameter setup. Recently, a Gaussian Density DISTANCE (GDD) approach was proposed to optimize local criteria in terms of DISTANCE and density properties of samples. GDD can find clusters with different shapes and sizes without any free parameters. However, it may fail to discover the appropriate clusters due to the interfering of clustered samples in estimating the density and DISTANCE properties of remaining unclustered samples. Here, we introduce Adaptive GDD (AGDD), which eliminates the inappropriate effect of clustered samples by adaptively updating the parameters during clustering. It is stable and can identify clusters with various shapes, sizes, and densities without adding extra parameters. The DISTANCE metrics calculating the dissimilarity between samples can affect the clustering performance. The effect of different DISTANCE measurements is also analyzed on the method. The experimental results conducted on several well-known datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed AGDD method compared to the other well-known clustering methods.

Automatic topic detection seems unavoidable in SOCIAL media analysis due to big text data which their users generate. Clustering-based methods are one of the most important and up-to-date categories in topic detection. The goal of this research is to have a wide study on this category. Therefore, this paper aims to study the main components of clustering-based-topic-detection, which are embedding methods, DISTANCE metrics, and clustering algorithms. Transfer learning and consequently pretrained language models and word embeddings have been considered in recent years. Regarding the importance of embedding methods, the efficiency of five new embedding methods, from earlier to recent ones, are compared in this paper. To conduct our study, two commonly used DISTANCE metrics, in addition to five important clustering algorithms in the field of topic detection, are implemented by the authors. As COVID-19 has turned into a hot trending topic on SOCIAL networks in recent years, a dataset including one-month tweets collected with COVID-19-related hashtags is used for this study. More than 7500 experiments are performed to determine tunable parameters. Then all combinations of embedding methods, DISTANCE metrics and clustering algorithms (50 combinations) are evaluated using Silhouette metric. Results show that T5 strongly outperforms other embedding methods, cosine DISTANCE is weakly better than other DISTANCE metrics, and DBSCAN is superior to other clustering algorithms.

The ethical actions are important because of the priority of the mission goal and their close relationship with SOCIAL progress and development. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the identification and SOCIAL analysis of these types of actions among the verses of revelation and it deals with the effect of ethical actions in the production of SOCIAL capital in the process of progress based on religious teachings and answers these questions based on the Quranic teachings. What impact do ethical actions (behavior) have on the formation of SOCIAL progress? How do moral actions generate SOCIAL capital and influence progress (development)? What coordinates, examples and dimensions does this group of actions have? What are the effects and consequences of this group of actions? Those actions that are desirable and progressive in the development of SOCIAL interactions have been SOCIALly studied, analyzed and searched by using the inductive content analysis method. Honesty, trustworthiness and fulfillment of an obligation, altruism (Arabic: إیثار, self-sacrifice), asking forgiveness or istighfār (Arabic: استغفار ʾistiġfār), and forgiving others, kindness, non-violence, chastity and purity, patience and honesty and benevolent actions combined with SOCIAL supervision have been discussed, which lead to sincerity, togetherness, coherence and expansion of SOCIAL interactions and emotional relationships far from hatred and warm and emotional relationships and as a result, it causes the production of SOCIAL capital and its improvement and will lead to the density of actions focused on purpose and excellence that are necessary for progress.

Having unity, mutual acceptance and tolerance even by having a different of apposite beliefs, not having humiliating behaviors among the ethnic and religious groups as well as bridging gaps and SOCIAL DISTANCE, are important issues in all ages and countries, particularly for cultural institutes. This research has been done to study the relationship between religiosity and SOCIAL DISTANCE among Muslims and Christians in Tehran, with a considerable emphasis on tolerance. The theoretical framework is a combination of theories of Durkheim, Robertz and Alport. The statistical society consists of Muslims and Christians over 18 years old Tehran. The method is survey, and data gathering has been performed from 204 individuals (cluster selected sample). Results show that there is a direct relation between the level of religiosity and SOCIAL DISTANCE between Muslims and Christians, while between the level of SOCIAL tolerance and SOCIAL DISTANCE, there is an inverse relation. Based on regression results, the level of SOCIAL tolerance has the most effect on SOCIAL DISTANCE, and then religiosity and the religion type are significant factors affecting the SOCIAL DISTANCE. Over all, variables of regression equation (religion type, religiosity, SOCIAL tolerance) explain 49 percent of SOCIAL DISTANCE changes.

Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many effects and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral and SOCIAL effects of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and SOCIAL capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of SOCIAL justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals

Background & Aim: There are several methods for determination of occlusal vertical dimension. The vertical dimension of rest position, interocclusal DISTANCE and closest speaking space are two important methods. The purpose of this study was comparison the variability of interocclusal DISTANCE and closest speaking space in denture wearers.Method &Materials: The subjects were 34 edentulous patients (18 males & 16 females with mean age of 56) who had received complete dentures in the prosthodontics department of Isfahan dental school. They had good residual ridges. The dentures had correct clinical vertical dimension with 1-2mm overjet and 0.5 -1mm overbite. There was no evidence of neuromuscular and TMJ problems. The TOM guage was used for measuring the vertical dimension of rest position and «S» position.Results: The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of interocclusal DISTANCE were smaller than closest speaking space. Paired T-test and Levene's test were used for statistical analysis. There was a statistically difference between interocclusal DISTANCE and closest speaking space, so the interocclusal DISTANCE was less variable than closest speaking space (P<0.05).Conclusion: The closest speaking space during S position is affected by the occlusion, vertical and horizontal overlap of anterior teeth. These factors are up to dentist's judgement in complete denture and can influence the variability of vertical dimension of S position. Because of this variability it is recommended to use several methods for determining of vertical dimension.

Introduction The concept of SOCIAL DISTANCE refers to the degree of acceptance or non-acceptance that is felt by members of a group to join a group compared to other specific groups. This concept refers to the degree of acceptance and feeling of DISTANCE or closeness in ethnic groups as well as urban ghettos. The concept of SOCIAL DISTANCE in the field of economic activities causes convergence and divergence among economic actors in order to pursue economic goals among them. The city of Yazd has special economic characteristics due to its location due to for being surrounded by the desert and special cultural features. The people of Yazd, because of their spirit of coexistence and tolerance, are in long-term interaction with other groups and subcultures. The purpose of this study is to assess and analyze the relationship between “ SOCIAL DISTANCE” and economic interaction between non-native businesspeople and Yazdi tourists with the people of Yazd. Method The method used in this research is quantitative, which has been completed with a standard and researcher-made questionnaire with a high validity of 70% from a sample of 300 tourists and non-native businessmen in the form of multi-stage cluster sampling in the tourism context in Yazd. Finding The results showed that the respondents' sense of SOCIAL DISTANCE in relation to the people of Yazd is relatively low and they have a more positive attitude towards having economic relations with Yazidis. However, the feeling of SOCIAL DISTANCE of a non-profit business is greater than that of tourists. The results of this study also show that tourists have a more positive attitude compared to businesspeople, both in relation to SOCIAL DISTANCE and in relation to measuring economic characteristics. The results also show that there was a significant difference between the contextual questions of age, gender, education and occupation in relation to SOCIAL DISTANCE. There is a positive and significant relationship between SOCIAL DISTANCE and economic characteristics, so that the lower the SOCIAL DISTANCE, the more positive the attitude towards the economic characteristics of Yazidis and the more the SOCIAL DISTANCE increases, the more negative the attitude towards the economic characteristics of Yazidis becomes. Conclusion Action based on SOCIAL DISTANCE is the level of DISTANCE and difference that individuals should consider in their SOCIAL interactions with others. The issue of SOCIAL DISTANCE, based on the theory of symbolic interaction, with the concepts of “ self and other communication. In this theory, actors act through the meaning they attribute to the actions of others. Accordingly, symbolic interaction of categories such as “ self, other and meaningful action” gives meaning to the action of individuals through separation and differentiation in their action with others and affect the collective identity as another and “ separate selves” . In essence, SOCIAL DISTANCE directs the action of individuals through limiting and differentiating characteristics. SOCIAL DISTANCE in the economic exchange of actors directs their actions and can lead to the emergence of ethnic entrepreneurship in urban ghettos. Accordingly, the SOCIAL DISTANCE approach implies the role of SOCIAL factors such as class structure and group and ethnic status on economic activities. With the approach of SOCIAL DISTANCE in economic action, factors such as race, ethnicity and characteristics of residential areas and SOCIAL factors such as residence and education affect economic success. In Iran, studies related to SOCIAL DISTANCE have been relevant due to their cultural diversity and the existence of multiple mosaic cultures, and many studies have been conducted. However, the studies are less relevant to economic relations, and in this research, an attempt has been made to measure the economic behavior of non-Yazidi businessmen living in Yazd and tourists in relation to the people of Yazd. The innovative aspect of this paper is the importance of economic and SOCIAL ties in economic relations.